. The Meiji Restoration was a period of Japanese history that saw rapid industrialization and the modernization of Japan as it opened itself up and grew in power to resist colonization. Meiji Restoration, Overthrow of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate ( see Tokugawa period) and restoration of direct imperial rule (through the Meiji emperor) in 1868. From the middle of the 17th century, Chinese Neo-Confucian ideas began to spread to Japan. The Meiji Reformers needed to modernize Japan so as to make it competitive in a changing world in order to contend with Western forces. The Tokugawa had been able to adopt this policy partly because Japan was far from Europe and also because, in the 17th century, the level of technology in Japan and foreign countries was more or less the same. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2009. Based on the evidence gathered, Japan underwent a revolution similar to the French or American Revolution, after the restoration of a past power. [8] Later, their debts and payments of samurai stipends were either taxed heavily or turned into bonds which resulted in a large loss of wealth among former samurai. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Why did the Meiji want to modernize Japan? Submitted by Graham Squires, published on 29 October 2022. Consequently, domestic companies became consumers of Western technology and applied it to produce items that would be sold cheaply in the international market. Modernisation theory also has a racial aspect because it equates modern societies with those of Europe and North America. "The Making of Modern Japan". This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. While the Tokugawa did impose a military dictatorship on Japan, it is better to think of the bakuhan system itself as a kind of federation in which the balance of power favoured the Tokugawa. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Read all three paragraphs under "Meiji Restoration and the End of Feudalism" and then explain here, in 2-3 sentences, the major changes that occurred during the Meiji Restoration (this skips ahead to content we will cover in a later unit). It was only due to the 1964 Summer Olympics in Japan that cheap concrete replicas of those castles were built for tourists. This led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. The import of cheap foreign goods had a negative impact on the Japanese economy and the opening of the ports increased hostility towards foreigners. 23 November 2009, Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 15:50, all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor, Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan, Willem Johan Cornelis, Ridder Huijssen van Kattendijke, Modernization of Japanese Military 18681931, "The Meiji Restoration and Modernization", "Meiji Restoration | Definition, History, & Facts", "The Meiji Restoration and Modernization | Asia for Educators | Columbia University", "A Race Across Japan to See its Last Original Castles", "Nagoya Castle's concrete keep to be demolished and replaced with traditional wooden structure", "Shinbutsu bunri the separation of Shinto and Buddhism", Essay on The Meiji Restoration Era, 18681889, A rare collection of Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Restoration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Restoration&oldid=1129100427. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, Japan, as "one of the world's largest produces of coal and exporters of copper" (Miocevich, 26), definitely possessed a progressive and prosperous economy. In November 1867, the last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837-1913) offered to peacefully relinquish power to Emperor Meiji, who had ascended to the throne after the death of Emperor Komei. Several clans, dissatisfied with the Tokugawa regime, wanted to reinstate the imperial line to power. [1] Figures like Shimazu Nariakira concluded that "if we take the initiative, we can dominate; if we do not, we will be dominated", leading Japan to "throw open its doors to foreign technology.". Although the Tokugawa put in place various policies to control the daimyo, within their own han, they could more or less govern as they pleased. What role did the Meiji Restoration play in the industrialization of Japan? C. 3rd ed. From these experiences, the activists in Satsuma and Choshu realized that 'expelling the barbarians' was impossible. Amongst those advocating the overthrow of the Tokugawa were a group of people referred to as shishi, or "righteous warriors." The restoration of the emperor as sole ruler of a unified Japan came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. SQ 7. 18 Jan 2023. "Japan." The administrative reorganization had been largely accomplished by 1871, when the domains were officially abolished and replaced by a prefecture system that has remained in place to the present day. The fact that the Meiji Restoration was not accompanied by a great deal of destruction was important because it meant the new Meiji government had a relatively stable foundation from which to launch its reforms. The conflict was a bloody one, and over 150,000 people lost their lives as the fighting waged on between 1904 and 1905. Throughout Japan at the time, the samurai numbered 1.9 million. A series of unequal treaties in which stronger nations imposed their will on smaller ones in East Asia, created further unrest, particularly the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened Japanese ports to American ships, guaranteed them safe harbor and allowed the U.S. to set up a permanent consulate in exchange for not bombing Edo. What period is Japan in now? Probably the most common interpretation of the events is based on modernization theory. The first reform was the promulgation of the Five Charter Oath in 1868, a general statement of the aims of the Meiji leaders to boost morale and win financial support for the new government. The majority of Japanese castles were smashed and destroyed in the late 19th century in the Meiji restoration by the Japanese people and government in order to modernize and westernize Japan and break from their past feudal era of the Daimyo and Shoguns. Traditional societies are defined as having economies based on agriculture, being socially hierarchical and politically despotic, while modern ones are thought of as being industrial, egalitarian, and democratic. The oligarchs also embarked on a series of land reforms. At that time, the Tokugawa controlled about 30% of the land in Japan, and about 270 hereditary daimyo families controlled the rest. How did industrialization and urbanization affect British cities? The Meiji Restoration was a coup d'tat that resulted in the dissolution of Japan's feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system. Responding to those pressures, the government issued a statement in 1881 promising a constitution by 1890. The period before the Meiji era was known as the Edo era (1603-1868), when Japan was ruled as a collection of fiefdoms under the Tokugawa shogunate, a military dictatorship that was based in Edo. In response, both the bakufu and some of the larger han made efforts to acquire European weapons. Did you know? They also argued that government by warrior families like the Tokugawa was illegitimate and that the imperial family should directly rule the country. "From Reformism to Transformism, bakufu Policy 18531868", in: T. Najita & V. J. Koshmann, This page was last edited on 23 December 2022, at 15:50. [13] The foundation of the Meiji Restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chsh Alliance between Saig Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma and Chsh Domains at the southwestern end of the Japanese archipelago. Even the Dutch were confined to a trading post in Nagasaki. By the end of the 19th century, Japan had become one of the leading industrialized countries in the world. The Emperor of Meiji and other high-ranking government officials also had their hair cut short. Nippon.com.After 150 years, why does the Meiji restoration matter? At the same time, they were expected to maintain their warrior pride and military preparedness, which led to much frustration in their ranks. The Meiji Restoration (, Meiji Ishin), referred to at the time as the Honorable Restoration (, Goisshin), and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. The roughly 280 domains were turned into 72 prefectures, each under the control of a state-appointed governor. The emperor then took the reign name "Meiji" meaning "enlightened rule," Hence the title, "Meiji Restoration" of 1868. With Fuhanken sanchisei, the areas were split into three types: urban prefectures (, fu), rural prefectures (, ken) and the already existing domains. In the first half of the 19th century, the anti-Tokugawa movement largely developed in areas controlled by tozama daimyo: Most of these activists came from low-ranking warrior families, although some members of the court nobility also played an important role including Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1888) and Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940). World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. For their part, peasants (who made up 80 percent of the Japanese population) were forbidden from engaging in non-agricultural activities, thus ensuring consistent income for landowning authorities. Later, in 1874, the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into government bonds. They increased pressure on Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last shogun, stressing the shogunate's failure to protect Japanese interests. Other daimy were subsequently persuaded to do so, thus creating a central government in Japan which exercised direct power through the entire "realm". It was the Bakumatsu time. In a wider context, however, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 came to be identified with the subsequent era of major political, economic, and social changethe Meiji period (1868-1912)that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country. Finally, in 1889, the Meiji Constitution was officially promulgated. The Meiji Restoration , also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. [14] These free schools taught students reading, writing, and mathematics. While it did bring to power a new government that introduced radical policies that fundamentally altered Japanese society, because it was not an especially violent event in itself, there was also a great deal of continuity between pre- and post-Restoration Japan. The dominant faith of the Tokugawa period was Confucianism, a relatively conservative religion with a strong emphasis on loyalty and duty. 18, 2015 2 likes 2,052 views Download Now Download to read offline Education PPT on the Meiji Restoration and Nationalism in Japan Elisabeth Wood Follow Student Advertisement Recommended Ap meijiyetanother ccone 2k views 42 slides Meiji Restorationversion2 Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia et al.. The reforms enacted during the Meiji emperor's rule brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country and paved the way for Japan to become a major international power. Updates? All feudal class privileges were abolished as well. In 1868, Japan underwent a massive transformation called the 'Meiji Restoration'. Please select which sections you would like to print: How did the Meiji Restoration change Japan? Japans Edo period, which lasted from 1603 to 1867, would be the final era of traditional Japanese government, culture and society. The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule to strengthen Japan against the threat of being colonized, bringing to an end the era known as sakoku (the foreign relations policy, lasting about 250 years, prescribing the death penalty for foreigners entering or Japanese nationals leaving the country). 712-13. Japan built industries such as shipyards, iron smelters, and spinning mills, which were then sold to well-connected entrepreneurs. The peace and stability of the Tokugawa period, and the economic development it fostered, set the stage for the rapid modernization that took place after the Meiji Restoration. Many found employment in the government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its own right. Just seven years after the Meiji period ended, a newly modernized Japan was recognized as one of the "Big Five" powers (alongside Britain, the United States, France and Italy) at the Versailles Peace Conference that ended World War I. With this, industrial zones grew enormously, and there was a massive migration to industrializing centers from the countryside. At the beginning of the 19th century, however, that balance was upset by the threat from foreign countries. The tozama daimyo were less trusted, and their territories tended to be large but far from the political centre of Japan. The Meiji Restoration basically took Japan from a feudal system to becoming a fully industrialized country in just a few decades. To understand the Meiji Restoration, rather than approaching it from a theoretical perspective, it is best to think of it as an event that had both causes and consequences that were unique to Japan. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. This period also saw Japan change from being a feudal society to having a market economy and left the Japanese with a lingering influence of Modernity.[3]. How did innovations during the Industrial Revolution change life in Great Britain in the 19th century? In 1904, the Russian Empire under Czar Nicholas II, was one of the largest territorial powers in the world. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. Suspicious of foreign intervention and colonialism, the Tokugawa regime acted to exclude missionaries and eventually issued a complete ban on Christianity in Japan. As the Tokugawa shogunate grew increasingly weak by the mid-19th century, two powerful clans joined forces in early 1868 to seize power as part of an imperial restoration named for Emperor Meiji. C. 3rd ed. In 1860, however, in a serious blow to the bakufu's prestige, he was assassinated near Edo Castle (Sakuradamon Incident). Coal was needed for steamships and railroads. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! The perpetrators announced the ouster of Tokugawa Yoshinobu (the last shogun)who by late 1867 was no longer effectively in powerand proclaimed the young Meiji emperor to be ruler of Japan. Again, the early Meiji years had set the stage. As servants of the daimyos, or great lords, the read more, In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of peopleincluding both soldiers and civiliansin the Chinese city of Nanjing (or Nanking). The Meiji Restoration and Modernization. He took over at a time of rising democratic sentiment, but his country soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism. The Meiji period that followed the Restoration was an era of major political, economic, and social change in Japan. Squires, Graham. The first Diet was convened the following year, in 1890. We'll look closely at the causes, the major accomplishments, and the effects of the Meiji Restoration. Examples of this include western teachers and advisors immigrating to Japan and also Japanese nationals moving to western countries for education purposes. Some began to promote the idea that Japan was superior to foreign countries because of the divine origin of the imperial family. This set the stage for the Boshin War, a war between supporters of the court and the bakufu. The idea that Japan was a 'divine land' countered the Confucian presumption that only China was 'civilised and that surrounding countries like Korea and Japan were 'barbarian'. All of these things in turn played a part in expanding the people of Japan's knowledge on western customs, technology and institutions. SQ 6. In the 19th century the shogunates policy of isolation was challenged by Russia, England, and the U.S., making Japanese feudal leaders aware of Japans vulnerability to superior Western firepower. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Learning Objectives Characterize the Edo Period in Japan Key Takeaways In the 18th century, the imperial family began to acquire influence from a different source. Despite the help Japan received from other powers, one of the key factors in Japan's industrializing success was its relative lack of resources, which made it unattractive to Western imperialism. The bakufu also launched a punitive expedition against Choshu, but a negotiated settlement was reached, and the attack was called off. The Meiji government came to power after end of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Up, until the end of WWII, this is exactly what the bulk of the Japanese population believed through its long history. The prestigious but largely powerless imperial court named Ieyasu as shogun (or supreme military leader) in 1603, beginning a shogunate dynasty that would rule Japan for the next two and a half centuries. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! The Tokugawa feared rebellious daimyo might get support from abroad, so they limited contact with Korea and China, and all Europeans except for the Dutch were excluded. Eds. World History Encyclopedia. The early goals of the new government were expressed in the Charter Oath (April 1868), which committed the government to establishing deliberative assemblies and public discussion, to a worldwide search for knowledge, to the abrogation of past customs, and to the pursuit by all Japanese of their individual callings. "Meiji Restoration." There were Western attempts to end Japan's isolation and open it to trade as early as the 1790s, but these initiatives were rebuffed by the bakufu. Melvin Another reform was in the area of education. The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Since the 1970s, however, modernization theory has largely been discredited. Asia for Educators.The Meiji Restoration: The End of the Shogunate and the Building of a Modern Japanese State. By 1839, however, Britain had already colonised India, and China's defeat in the Opium War (1839-42) was a signal to the Japanese government that their country was under real threat. In addition, the new government carried out policies to unify the monetary and tax systems, with the agricultural tax reform of 1873 providing its primary source of revenue. Warriors rarely give up their power, but the samurai of Japan dwindled away rapidly after the Meiji Restoration and the modernization of the country. The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule to strengthen Japan against the threat of being colonized, bringing to an end the era known as sakoku (the foreign relations policy, lasting about 250 years, prescribing the death penalty for foreigners entering or Japanese nationals leaving the country). At the end of the 18th century CE, however, Europe began to experience the Industrial Revolution. Some historians refer to the Russo-Japanese War as World War Zero as it set the stage for the coming global wars that would reshape global politics. The samurai, being better educated than most of the population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials, and/or military officers. Among other accomplishments, during the Meiji period Japan adopted a constitution and a parliamentary system, instituted universal education, built railroads and installed telegraph lines, and established strong army and navy forces. Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of read more, Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in 13th-century China. In addition, the new regime opened the country once again to Western trade and influence and oversaw a buildup of military strength that would soon propel Japan onto the world stage. In 1868, the Emperor Meiji (the name means "enlightened rule") replaced the Tokugawa Shogun as leader. When did the Meiji Period End? The fall of Edo in the summer of 1868 marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, and a new era, Meiji, was proclaimed. At the beginning of the 19th century, European ships armed with industrial-age weapons began to approach Japan demanding that the country open to foreign trade. Meiji Restoration, Overthrow of Japans Tokugawa shogunate (see Tokugawa period) and restoration of direct imperial rule (through the Meiji emperor) in 1868. [3], Some shogunate forces escaped to Hokkaid, where they attempted to set up a breakaway Republic of Ezo; however, forces loyal to the Emperor ended this attempt in May 1869 with the Battle of Hakodate in Hokkaid. Create your account View this answer The Meiji Restoration led. Meiji Restoration begins - HISTORY THIS DAY IN HISTORY January 03 1868 January 03 Meiji Restoration begins In an event that heralds the birth of modern Japan, patriotic samurai from. Squires, Graham. Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the Japanese government did not consider it prudent for them to settle in Japan permanently. 14. Because of Japan's leaders taking control and adapting Western techniques it has remained one of the world's largest industrial nations. 4 vols. Students also attended courses in "moral training" which reinforced their duty to the Emperor and to the Japanese state. In the Blood tax riots, the Meiji government put down revolts by Japanese samurai angry that the traditional untouchable status of burakumin was legally revoked. The Genroku era (1688-1704) in particular saw the rise of Kabuki theater and Bunraku puppet theater, literature (especially Matsuo Basho, the master of haiku) and woodblock printing. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The same was true in the Edo period (1603-1868). In January 1868 they announced the restoration of the emperor to power, and in May 1869 the last Tokugawa forces surrendered. They resented being marginalized and under-represented in the new Meiji government. In 1885 a cabinet system was formed, and in 1886 work on the constitution began. Please see the timeline above. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. To strengthen the government, Ii advocated linking the imperial court and bakufu through the marriage of the emperor's sister to the shogun. Near the beginning of the Tokugawa period, there were an estimated 300,000 Christians in Japan. After the visit of Commodore Matthew Perry, the country was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, which, as in China, gave Western nations special privileges in Japan. The Tokugawa rebuffed these demands. Omissions? The Diplomat SHARE Apr 15, 2018 For Japan, 2018 marks the 150th anniversary of the Meiji Restoration; the name given to the events of 1868 that saw the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate (or. Similar agreements soon followed with Britain, Russia, and the Netherlands. The United States and Soviet Union divided control over the peninsula after World War II, and in read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. As agricultural production lagged in comparison to the mercantile and commercial sectors, samurai and daimyo did not fare as well as the merchant class. At this time Japan experienced an exceptional period of peace in which the economy expanded, the population grew, cities developed, literacy and scholarship spread, and a new urban culture appeared. Jansen, Marius B.: "The Meiji Restoration", in: Jansen, Marius B. The Meiji restoration boomed throughout and modernized Japan by the end of the 1890's. The Meiji restoration may not have effected other many countries with it's own internal revolution, but it did revolutionize the entirety of Japan in less than a hundred years. After Kmei's death on 30 January 1867, Meiji ascended the throne on February3. The Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito 1867-1912. To reform the military, the government instituted nationwide conscription in 1873, mandating that every male would serve for four years in the armed forces upon turning 21 years old, followed by three more years in the reserves. The emperor was only 14 at the time, and the samurai used their influence over him to politically restructure Japan. When did the Meiji Restoration end? In 1867, two powerful anti-Tokugawa clans, the Choshu and Satsuma, combined forces to topple the shogunate, and the following year declared an imperial restoration in the name of the young Emperor Meiji, who was just 14 years old at the time. 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